Oedipus the King and Ghost - 1009 Words

The two famous playwrights Oedipus the King by Sophocles, written thousands of years back for Greek audiences and Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen which was written as a criticism of the Norwegian society in the 1890’s. The universal theme that both Sophocles and Ibsen explored in their plays is that people are punished through their own actions, and unfortunately those ungrateful events can occur to essentially good people, who suffer through no fault of their own, but as a result of the actions by others. In Oedipus the king, Oedipus was a very powerful figure in the play; he was born the son of Laius and Jocasta, the king and queen of Thebes. When they heard the Apollo’s prophecy which was foretold that Oedipus will†¦show more content†¦The death of Jocasta and Captain Alving associated with their actions are presented in both playwrights. In Oedipus the king, Jocasta committed suicide when she discovered that Oedipus was the murderer of Laius and her biological son. She is suffering through the actions which she has committed; she can no longer live with the shameful and incestuous life. Her actions to defy the gods lead to her suffering and death. In Ghosts, Captain Alving Peng 001096-039 dies as a result of his own intemperance. His death was associated with the disease that he had, which was a result of his excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures. The suffering of incestuous relationship explored in both plays was caused by the actions of the parents. As a result, Oedipus was banned from the society because he is ironically looking for the murderer of Laius and the culprit responsible for the problems. Oedipus was exiled from the Thebes and he was considered a curse to the society. His children are also exiled because they are socially unaccepted as well since they are considered children of incest. Similarly, in Ghosts, Oswald shows romantic interest in Regina, which he later found out the incestuous relationship, this occurred as a result of Captain Alving’s actions. Oswald not only suffers through the disease that was passed to him by his father, but also the shame of the action andShow MoreRelatedHamlet And Oedipus The King1668 Words   |  7 Pagesgood, but end up causing their own death. Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus the King† tells the life of a king named Oedipus who is trying to solve the mu rder case of the former king. A similar plotline is seen in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet†, where Hamlet tries to uncover who killed his father, who was also the king before his untimely death. Both characters set out to do something good, but create many problems and ultimately find themselves corrupted. Oedipus’ initial introduction presents the character as a well-roundedRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Oedipus The King And Hamlet887 Words   |  4 Pages What is the different between Oedipus the King and Hamlet. Oedipus the King was written by Sophocles in 430-425 BCE. Oedipus the King is about King Oedipus finding out his true origins and him fulfilling a prophecy. In order to save his Kingdom Oedipus has to find out who murdered the king before him. Looking for the murderer Oedipus begins to learn about his origins and true self. Hamlet on the other hand is about a Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, trying to avenge his fathers death. There are manyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King1362 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Shakespeares’ Hamlet and Sophocles’ Oedipus the King were written in two different eras, echoes of the latter can be found in the former. The common theme of Hamlet and Oedipus the King is regicide. Also, like in Oedipus the King, there is a direct relationship between the state of the state and the state of their kings. Furthermore, there is also a relationship between Oedipus’ armed entrance into the bedroom in which JocastaRead MoreEssay on Oedipus and Hamlet1424 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Mihailovic 5-14-01 Though Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King were written in two different eras, echoes of the latter can be found in the former. The common theme of Hamlet and Oedipus the King is regicide. Also, like in Oedipus the King, there is a direct relationship between the state of the state and the state of their kings. Furthermore, there is also a relationship between Oedipus armed entrance into the bedroom in which Jocasta hanged herself, and HamletsRead More No Oedipal Complex Found in Hamlet Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet to be the Oedipus complex.nbsp; According to the story of Oedipus, Laius, his father, learned from an oracle that Oedipus would kill him.nbsp; Laius then left his son to die on a mountain, where he was found and raised by the King of Corinth.nbsp; Oedipus was also told that he would someday kill his own father, and fled Corinth because he believed that the King of Corinth was his real father.nbsp; On Oedipuss journey, he passes Laius on the ro ad, they argue and Oedipus kills Laius, withoutRead MoreDifferences Between Oedipus And Hamlet982 Words   |  4 PagesConsidering King Oedipus’s self-inflicted blindness and Hamlet’s overwhelming thirst for his own stepfather’s blood, it seems that both men have lost their minds. However, these men are not truly mentally unhinged, but rather incredibly devoted to their religious ideals. Hamlet, a Catholic, believes that his actions will determine his afterlife; the way he acts, though crazy, is an attempt to please God and avoid eternal damnation. King Oedipus, a follower of Apollo and the Greek gods, acts irresponsiblyRead More The Protagonist as Victim in Oedipus the King and Hamlet Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesVictim in Oedipus the King and Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Sophocles Oedipus the King and William Shakespeares Hamlet, the unruly forces surrounding the protagonists are the source for their downfall. Fate, women, and divine intervention are the foundation for the protagonists demise. The protagonists are powerless against these elements, and for that reason, are not responsible for their finish. The uncontrollable force of fate is one component that assists in destroying Oedipus. Oedipus cannotRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1599 Words   |  7 Pagesbut I didn’t dwell on what happened instead I changed it into a positive out look on life and it has made me a different person and makes me want to do better in life each day. I believe that Hamlet was the best to achieve being a Tragic Hero than Oedipus did; because of the way he handled his tragedy. William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Hamlet† was a very good poem. I, personally, love reading play and poems from Shakespeare. I have always wanted to read Hamlet and after reading it through this class IRead More Sigmund Freuds Oedipus Complex Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus Complex It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father. - Sigmund Freud(Clark, 122) The Oedipus conflict or complex is a concept developed by Sigmund Freud to explain the origin of certain psychological disorders in childhood. It is defined as a childs unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of the opposite sex. This desire includes jealousy toward the parentRead More Comparison of Oedipus and Hamlet Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Oedipus and Hamlet Compare and contrast Oedipus and Hamlet. Is Oedipus more a man of action? Or is he more a man driven by whim and sudden, rash decisions? Which character is more selfless? Does Hamlet show any signs of selfish motives in his actions or inactions? Which protagonist seems more learned? wiser? more religious? more loving? more incestuous? Which seems to be a better murder investigator? Does Oedipus have any of Claudius motives when he kills the king, Laius? Then

America s Exhausted Superkids By Frank Bruni - 858 Words

Today’s Exhausted Superkids is Frank Bruni’s response to the book â€Å"Overloaded and Unprepared.† His response portrays many people of the younger generation whom do not get enough sleep. In his response Bruni states, â€Å"But many teenagers today are so hyped and stressed out that they are getting only a fraction of the rest they need.† Bruni suggests smartphones and tablets are part of the cause of keeping kids and teens up in the middle of the night. However, he also mentions these are not the only factors as to why students do not get enough sleep. Hard work is another culprit. Many students work hard to achieve their high grades and do better on their tests. They strive to be the best and be a part of as many extracurricular activities as possible. Some students use stimulants, such as adderall, to become the high achievers they strive to be. Frank Bruni made good points about teens being overworked, but I disagree with his idea that many students do not get enough sleep due to pressure and expectations because most of them choose to do other things rather than sleeping. I disagree with Bruni’s perception that students do not get enough sleep due to pressure and expectations because most of them are careless and choose to do other things. I have witnessed this first hand throughout my life. For instance, I am sitting here late at night writing this essay that is due tomorrow rather than getting rest because I would much rather have an acceptable grade, or at least have it

The Three Musketeers Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Three Musketeers Argumentative Essay Alexander DumasForgive me, Lady de Wardes, he said, for rousing your hatred by my blackguardly conduct. I in return forgive you for murdering Constance Bonacieux and for your savage attacks on me. I forgive you and pity you. Die in peace. Characters dArtagnan- a young, attractive Gascon of eighteen. dArtagnan is haughty, proud, and extremely intelligent. He is one of the main characters is the book, and we follow him through his many turmoils and triumphs; as he eventually defeats the evil of the real world. Porthos- a proud, experienced Musketeer. Porthos is a true friend with a quick temper, and a smart mouth. Nonetheless, Porthos is intelligent, cautious, and has a wild passion for everything he does. Aramis- a proper, friendly gentleman of twenty-three. Aramis is proud, yet demure, with a very clean-cut appearance. Aramis is a man of scripture and deep thought, often the one with the brilliant ideas. Athos- a cool, courageous Musketeer, strikingly handsome, and proud of his status. Athos lets nothing stand in his way, yet is polite and friendly, attracting friends easily. Planchet- dArtagnans servant, a tremendously devoted man, trusted and intelligent. Monsieur de Treville- a truly good man, captain of the Musketeers, who has a pure heart and a love for his Musketeers. Monsieur Bonacieux- a small wily man, not very gifted in the intelligence department, easily swayed by others personal opinions. dArtagnans landlord. Constance Bonacieux- Monsieur Bonacieuxs wife, a young, beautiful woman, with a good soul. DArtagnans mistress, and maid of the wardrobe of the Queen. Lady de Winter- an evil spy for the Cardinal, Lady de Winter is an extremely beautiful mastermind with the ability to make anything go her way. Kitty- Lady de Winters innocently pretty maid, who falls hopelessly in love with dArtagnan, and helps him in his exploits against Lady de Winter. Lord de Winter- Lady de Winters charming brother, who helps in the temporary capture of the evil Milady. The Three Musketeers is set in the mid to late 1620s, in Paris, France. Paris in this period is the bustling center of excitement, trials, and betrayal. The Three Musketeers is about four grand friends and their amazing travels and exciting exploits. Living in glamorous Paris, France, dArtagnan, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis get deeply involved in the political aspects and scams of the day. With enemies wherever he turns, dArtagnan is forced to go into hiding, sending his intelligent servant and his best friends to take care of business. Gradually, the complicated mess of French and English monarchy comes together, revealing a way to overcome the evil of the outstandingly beautiful Lady de Winter, one of the Cardinals best spies. I. Three GiftsA. dArtagnan arrives in Meung1. The strange, dark man2. Confrontation3. Milady4. Stolen!B. dArtagnan enters ParisII. Monsieur de Trevilles Ante-roomA. Monsieur de Trevilles house1. The courtyarda. Porthos and Aramis III. The AudienceA. IntroductionsB. AthosC. Letter to the DirectorD. The chaseIV. Shoulder, Shoulder-Belt, and HandkerchiefA. The sore shoulder1. ChallengeB. Another Accident1. The shoulder-belt2. ChallengeC. The Handkerchief1. Accusation2. ChallengeV. Musketeers and GuardsA. AthosB. The Seconds1. realizationsC. The Cardinals GuardsD. FightE. FriendsF. PlanchetVI. A Court IntrigueA. FinancesB. Poor1. Dinner InvitationsC. The Small Man1. Explanations2. The KidnappingVII. Relaying InformationA. A PlanB. All For One and One For All!VIII. Madame BonacieuxA. Ambush!1. Monsieur Bonacieuxs arrestB. Cross ExaminationC. Madame BonacieuxD. RescueE. ConstanceF. Another SecretG. LoveH. EscapeI. Monsieur de LaportIX. The Plot ThickensA. A Curious Romantic AttachmentB. Ar amiss House1. The cloaked womanC. FollowingD. EscortE. Athoss ArrestF. The Pair at the Lourve1. The Duke of BuckinghamX. The Man of MeungA. Monsieur Bonacieuxs Attendance With the Cardinal1. A new and Faithful ServantB. The Letter to LondonXI. Soldiers and MagistratesA. Athoss Cross-examinationB. Athoss Attendance With the CardinalC. Monsieur de Treville, the King, the Cardinal, and Athos1. The Police report and the soldiers honorD. ReleaseE. The Duke of Buckingham is ParisXII. The Keeper of the SealsA. PlottingB. Twelve Diamond TagsC. The Visitor and the Search of the QueenD. The Planning of the Ball1. The requestXIII. The Lover and the HusbandE. Letter to BuckinghamF. The Deadly SecretG. A Pledge1. The Secret Discussion2. The Truth Is Revealed3. An Important DecisionXIV. The JourneyA. Four Friends Get LeaveB. Breakfast in Chantilly1. Porthoss duelC. Three Against Eight in Beauvais1. The Ambush On The RoadD. Two Friends in Amiens1. Hullabaloo in the stables2.

Winnie the Pooh and Wind in the Willows Essay Example

Winnie the Pooh and Wind in the Willows Essay The first book is all about the story of Winnie-the-Pooh. It is a book that captured the interest of many children. Winnie-the-Pooh tales and poems tells about different events in the life of its main character Winnie the Pooh and his friends.The story and characters was originally created in 1926 by A.A. Milne then later become one of the well known Disney characters. Winnie the Pooh is a portly little bear known by his bewildered sense of things and endearing discoveries that made him loved by his group of friends.The Hundred Acre Wood is the place where Winnie the Pooh and his friends come alive. The animal characters together with Winnie the Pooh include Piglet, Eeyore, Owl, Rabbit, Tigger, Kanga, and Roo. Christopher Robin on the other hand is the human boy in the story that takes care of these animals.So what is the story all about? The Winnie the Pooh tales feature about the way children think and play. It especially guides young children to the world of childhood experiences and the cause and effects of their actions. There is no sort of magic but just simple solutions to the problems they encounter everyday. Like other children what they do are play versions of the real life experiences of an adult.Winnie the Pooh and friends is a bunch of animals that have distinct personality traits. Tigger which is described as a bouncy animal has an impulsive and energetic personalityEeyore is somewhat his opposite since he is always gloomy. Piglet is a humble animal and easily frightened. Kanga is a no nonsense kangaroo while Rabbit and Owl are both self- important. Lastly is the simple and direct Winnie the Pooh.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is a mixed of different characters. They could be like any group of children brought together by chance. It teaches important lessons on friendship and love for adventure. Positive values and character traits are observed and encourage upon the story.The Wind in the WillowsAnother story with similarity to Winnie the Poo h by A.A. Milne is The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame. This book has also animal characters in the cast. It also values friendship and quest for adventure.The story all started with Mole a small furred burrowing animal. Mole spent most of his time at home. One spring time, he gave up his house cleaning and began to wander in the fields and meadows. Going out of his comfort zone he explores the world outside of him and found everything around him new. Then he found a river which he saw for the first time. In this place he met Water Rat who then invited him to a boat ride. Rat has explained to Mole everything. They also had a picnic during their time together.After this they both paid a visit to Mr. Toad. Toad is happy to have them to join him in his cart and horse trip. They have an adventure on open road. Their cart was wrecked on the high road so the automobile becomes the new craze.After this adventure he journeyed to the wild wood and there he met Mr. Badger. The three of them then went to the Toad Hall to help Mr. Toad who had done so much reckless driving. After which there are many more events that happened in the lives of Mole and his friends.Positive character traits are also been tried to develop on each of the four main characters. They have their own shortcomings too that sometimes lead them to trouble. It gave emphasis on positive character traits like kindness, patience, hard work and faith. Like Winnie-the-Pooh this story encourages creative play and the need for good times and not just all work. It’s a story specially made for children with its different animal characters and their exciting world of adventures and experiences.The World Is Not a Garden of EdenMost fictional stories and children stories are written to fascinate and entertain the readers. Like in the two stories people can observed this fact that these stories are just fictional effort to mediate between the seemingly perpetual human desire for a perfect Garden of Ed en in which to live and the realization that the world is rather an imperfect, demanding and hostile place to live.The story depicts the world in which we just dream of, world that’s always full of fun, carefree and adventurous. It was sad to realize though that the real life is not what the stories really show or expect life to be. Fictional stories are just childhood fantasy and not for real.Just like children when they are young nothing really matters much but to play and play but when people get old they will realize that life is not for playing only. Children will realize that life is tough, full of challenges and risk.Fictions stories always expose us to pleasant moments of life and that everything is fun and exciting and full of memorable moments. In real life not everything is as easy at it seems. Certainly there are many limitations in doing what we really like.The Garden of Eden is a perfect place, no cruelties, no difficulties and people can live happily every time . Everything we want is within our reach. In reality life seems to be full of complexities and troubles which people must accept as ordinary part of life. Life as what this stories display is not as sweet or as good as it seems.In the story of Winnie the Pooh the different situations and event in the life of the character reflect some childish, simple way on how man should deal with life’s problems and difficulties. People can relate to the characters on their personality traits. In the story of Wind in the Willows one can also see the same pattern of the story. It emphasized on the need for adventure and leisure. There are unrealistic twist and turns of events which sometimes stay away from the true nature of real life.Referencesâ€Å"The Wind in the Willows: Book Summary†. EDOCERE A Resource for Catholic Education. Retrieved December 06, 2008, from http://www.edocere.org/â€Å"Winnie the Pooh: Book Summary†. EDOCERE A Resource for Catholic Education. Retrieved December 06, 2008 from http://www.edocere.org/

Punic War essays

Punic War essays The Punic Wars was a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage for a period of 118 years. Rome, one of the sides of these wars, was a immense empire whose influence covered much of the known world at the time. Carthage, the other player in the Punic Wars, was a city state on the North Coast of Africa which had partial control over Sicily before wars and whose location was ideal for trading ground in the Mediterranean. The first war (264-241 BC) started because a conflict between two different city states on the island of Sicily, Messana and Syracuse, had been going on and eventually both Rome and Carthage stepped in. During their intervention, Carthage began to control more and more of the island of Sicily. So because of Carthages expanding influence of Sicily, many Romans felt that Carthages authority in Sicily threatened them and their trading. Romans attacked and quickly gained Sicily back in their control. However, because of Romes lack of a navy they could not push Carthage back any farther. Rome soon built a navy. After C. Duilius won the first Roman sea battle of the Punic Wars, Rome dominated the sea winning all but one sea battle for the rest of the First Punic War. With Romes authority on land and at sea, Carthage surrendered after the Roman victory at the Aegates Islands in 241 BC. The peace lasted for twenty-three years before Carthages resentfulness in losing the first war brought them into a second. The centerstone of the Second Punic War was one man, Hannibal, and his reign on one of the great decisive wars of history.1 Hannibal in 218 BC crosses the Alps into the Po Valley with an elephant baggage train. He got the aid of the Guals, a people who were conquered by the Romans. Hannibal rolled through northern Italy winning every battle along the way. Meanwhile the Romans had control of the Mediterranean Sea and stopped reinforcements from Spa...

7 Steps to Creating a Great Personal Brand

7 Steps to Creating a Great Personal Brand Whether you’re selling products or your own services, it’s important to cultivate your own brand, consistent across your online presence. Your brand creates the image of you and your work that you want out in the world. Still confused? Here are a few no-nonsense strategies for building your brand online.1. Make it pretty.The first thing you’ll need to think about is the visual. You won’t necessarily need a professional logo design, but you’ll want to think about colors, illustrations, fonts, and icons that you’ll use and how they support what’s most meaningful about your brand. Try to keep all these details consistent across all your media platforms.2. Keep it organized.No matter how gorgeous your website is, it’s not really well designed unless it’s user-friendly and easy to navigate. Don’t make a boring version of a cookie-cutter template, but try to make sure your bells and whistles aren’t interfering wit h lots of different users learning more about what you do.3. Stay simple.Brevity is the soul of wit, after all. You might have a real wealth of information to share, but try to keep your content lean and mean. Make your sentences do triple work to get your message across in as little space as possible.4. Make it personal.Don’t just use stock photos or withhold any photos of you on your sites. Unique images and personal flourishes and detail can go a long way towards making people feel connected to your story and your brand.5. Find your voice.You want to not only be yourself, but the best version of yourself. Whether you’ll be speaking to your audience through words or images, figure out an authentic way to communicate that’s succinct and charming and will make people interested in what you have to offer. Be authentic and real and show and let whatever makes you unique shine through.6. Your work should speak for itself.Showcase whatever you are trying to promote- first and foremost. Make whatever you do obvious within the first few seconds of someone visiting your site.7. Make a statement.To make a vibrant and useful personal brand statement, you’ll want to answer a few questions first. What are you most passionate/care most deeply about? What top three attributes define how you get things done? What are your top 3 strengths and skills? And, finally: What differentiates you from your competition? What do you have going for you that no one else can offer? Use your answers to these questions to fashion a personal brand statement for yourself. Put this on your site.Put the time into crafting your brand and then it will speak and work for you!

Practice of Do Not Resuscitate, Pros and Cons Essay

Practice of Do Not Resuscitate, Pros and Cons - Essay Example There are some cases where a medical decision to cease treatment accords with moral principles but may nevertheless invite legal censure as in the case of withholding unduly burdensome life-prolonging treatment from severely disabled newborns or severely brain-injured adults. Longitudinal Research 'describes what can be defined as the minimum common denominator of a family of those methods which tell us about change at the individual micro level" (Ruspini 3). The advantage of longitudinal data is that it suggests important cross-cultural differences in the presence of flat affect while methodological questions remain as to precisely how flat affect was assessed. The cross-cultural variation in emotional experience and expression generally and in "Do Not Resuscitate" patients specifically render the culturally valid assessment of flat affect a complicated undertaking. A medical decision to continue treating a patient may accord with a reasonable body of medical opinion, be legal (as in cases where patients have been deemed rationally incompetent under a mental health act), yet be quite unethical if the patient has expressly stated a wish not to be treated, and if this expressed wish, contrary to popular medical opinion, is not 'irrational' (Baker and Stro sberg 22). Death is of particular cultural and sociolinguistic concern insofar as the language and ethnicity of the individual conducting the psychiatric assessment may differ from those of the patient. Certainly a desire to die can be expected to vary substantially in relation to culturally constituted capacities such as self, agency, motivation, and the meaning of purposeful action. "longitudinal research is often undertaken precisely in order to identify social change and its correlates" (Bryman 71). In addition to the usual methods of cross-tabulations, comparisons of means between groups, correlation and regression analysis, there are some special methods that are particularly useful for the analysis of longitudinal data. The following are special methods which can be used to analyze data from our longitudinal studies: (a) age, period, and cohort analysis; (b) change graphs; (c) residual change analysis; and (d) longevity difference (Devine and Heath 63). A cross-sequential design is necessary to separate out the effects of age, period, and cohort. The essential steps are: first, the data must be arranged so that the time interval between times of measurement must equal the number of years in each birth cohort; second, each of the three types of differences must be measured: longitudinal (difference between earlier and later measurements on the same cohort), cross-sectional difference between cohorts at the same point in time), and time-lag (difference between earlier measurem ent on an older cohort and later measurement on a younger cohort); third, inference about the effects contained in these differences are based on the fact that each difference is composed of two effects: longitudinal difference equals age plus period; cross-sectional difference equals age plus cohort; and time-lag difference equals period minus cohort (Bryman 73). If there are no significant differences it is usually

Financial plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial plan - Essay Example During this time, a majority of the students on campus leaves and return to their homes and if they have a pet, they must either take it home with them where it might not be allowed, or they have to find a boarder, which is where we come in. We will be offering not only students, but also all members of the Bloomington community, the ability board their animals for extended periods for a fee. Some of the major sources of revenue to the Hoosier Pet Palace include pet grooming and boarding, breeding, and handling. On the other hand, the expenses are in the form of food for dogs, veterinary services, wages, electricity, interest on loan and others. Situational Review Hoosier Pet Palace is a unique entity, being the first to incorporate both pet care service and waste food recycling, Hoosier Pet Palace has a great potential for growth and limited competition in Bloomington, Indiana. There are two major pet care service providers in Bloomington: Canine Companions and The Dog House. Canine Companions was established in 1993 that distinguish themselves from others as â€Å"the only complete full-service one-stop pet care facility in the Bloomington area.† Not only do they provide daycare, they also provide boarding programs, medical treatments, training, exercise options, and grooming services. The Dog House, established in 2005, prides themselves as â€Å"Bloomington’s first and only cage-free boarding and doggy daycare facility.† Both of them have been in Bloomington for years and have established a customer base, which would compete directly with Hoosier Pet Palace. However, unlike Hoosier Pet Palace, they only provide caring services for dogs. Not only would Hoosier Pet Palace provide our service to owners of dogs, we would also provide our service to owners of cats, rabbits, birds, and more. Sources of Start-up Funding Hoosier Pet Palace needs approximately $185,000 for start-up and is in the process of going to banks and different loan agenc ies to borrow sufficient starting capital to acquire all necessary property, materials, and resources. We will be presenting our business plan to different loan agencies hoping for investment. We believe that our business will be successful because of the need that we will be satisfying. Our target market is in abundance in the Bloomington area, so we see a direct need to have an animal boarding facility available to them. Another reason we believe our business will be successful is because of the â€Å"green† initiative that we will be basing our company off. This will appeal to not only the students of the community but also the environmental friendly activists in the community. Strategy for Paying the Loan The bank loan is the largest expense the Hosier Pet Palace will incur throughout the first three years of operation. The business believes it will be successful in its activities and generate enough revenue to continue the business and pay the loan. This is justified by the fact that the target market is abundant in the area and there is need for an animal boarding facility. In addition, the college students have many pets that need services that will be offered by Hoosier Pet Palace. Operational Expenses during start-up Period Hoosier Pet Palace needs approximately $185,000 for starting up the business. This money will go into paying start-up expenses shown in the table below and acquiring the list of equipment for pet care.

Water contamination Essay Example for Free

Water contamination Essay Contamination of the waters of Lake Erie has been going on since a very long time. Beginning from the year 1969 where legislative measures were taken up to control the pollution of the lake and protect aquatic life in it and ensure that the lake was safe for humans too, the quality of the water has undergone many changes from bad to worse. The reasons that lead to the contamination, their effects on the quality of the water and the resultant damage have been carefully studied and examined by researchers and ecologists all over the world. Lake Erie today represents one of the worst cases of stratification and environmental pollution associated with human activities, urbanization and agriculture. Water Contamination Lake Erie is one of the smallest among the five Great Lakes in terms of its measurement. Bounded by Ontario in Canada and New York in the United States, this lake got so polluted that it made it to the headlines of the national news in the month of June 1969. With an average depth of sixty-two feet and two hundred feet being one of the deepest parts, Lake Erie underwent extreme contamination due to the disposal of sewage and contamination through toxic heavy metals and the usage of pesticides in agriculture. According to Professor Henry Regier of the University of Toronto (1993), â€Å"When you die you will be replaced by billions and billions of living microbes. You will be reorganized in a different form. That is what is happening to Lake Erie. There is a dead zone occupying perhaps one-quarter of the central basin of the lake. This area is not really dead. † In 2004 again, more than eight billion gallons of storm water and untreated sewage was discharged into the waterways of the Lake Erie basin. These were laden with harmful bacteria like Salmonella, disease-causing parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium and deadly viruses like the Hepatitis-A virus. In 2005, unsafe levels of E. coli bacteria were found in the waters of the lake. Lake Erie was severely affected by industrial runoff that one of its tributaries, the Cuyahoga River, caught fire in the year 1969, which lead to the Clean Water Act of 1972. From becoming a victim to the damaging effects of sewage disposal through other sources, Lake Erie along with the other companion Great Lakes has tuned into a large source of contamination by itself today. The Great Lakes are now a source of many chemicals to other regions of the globe (The International Air Quality Advisory Board, 1998). Areas in Canada and Scandinavia and beyond are in danger due to the chemicals from Lake Erie that infiltrated them through the air. Though there exists a possibility that the pollutants are changing from volatile chemicals into gases dispersed by the winds, there is no hope that the contamination will come to and end. Don McKay (1998), a member of the Canadian board stated, â€Å"The contamination is merely taking up a new address and isnt really going away. We will not be able to say weve eliminated these pesticides from our environment. Where youve got more pollutant, its going to go to where there is less. † Nearly forty percent of the swimmers suffered from nausea, diarrhoea, stomachaches and headaches after a swim in lake Erie. Due to the environmental contamination, the upper water layer reached temperatures of 26’ C while the lower layers have a temperate of 6’-8’ C. This has lead to stratification, the death of planktons, the production of deadly gases in which the deadly spore-forming bacteria ‘botulinum’ thrives and zebra, quagga mussels do not survive in the waters of lake Erie beyond a day or two. More than half the area of the lake is now ‘anoxic’ which means there is less than 0. 5 mg of dissolved oxygen per litre of water. There is a hypothesis that the contamination of the lake began as early as post the Second World War because of the agents and chemicals used in killing the insects and bugs in the cotton fields. After the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972 was signed, the phosphorous levels of Lake Erie decreased significantly to 1mg/ L of water. According to Gordon Durnil (1998-1992), â€Å"It is clear to us that persistent toxic substances have caused widespread injury to the environment and to human health. As a society we can no longer afford to tolerate their presence in our environment and in our bodies. Hence, if a chemical or group of chemicals is persistent, toxic and bio accumulative, we should immediately begin a process to eliminate it. Since it seems impossible to eliminate discharges of these chemicals through other means, a policy of banning or sun setting their manufacture, distribution, storage, use and disposal appears to be the only alternative. † References David Dolan, M. (1993). Point source loadings of phosphorus to Lake Erie. Journal of Great Lakes Research (Vol. 19, no. 2, 212-223). Retrieved from www. iaglr. org Katherine Rizzo, (1998) Reversal of fortune: Great Lakes now source of pollution elsewhere The Associated Press. Retrieved from www. centuryinter. net/tjs11/hist/lakes2. htm Walter Stewart (2003) Great Lakes Article: After years of good news, Lake Erie is once again under siege this time from biological pollution. Canadian Geographic. Retrieved from www. greatlakesdirectory. org/on/101603_great_lakes. htm

The Flute Virtuosity: Johann George Tromlitz Essay -- The Gewandhaus Or

Accounts written of the late Johann George Tromlitz paint him as a bitter man; he was easily upset when writers neglected to mention his influential work on the flute. He reacts to these sentiments in the forward of one of his treatises, The Virtuoso Flute-Player (1791). Tromlitz wanted to be known as a master of the flute; he believed that his ideals were vital to the flute’s development and performance. He wrote several treatises where he speaks of the correct construction and performance of the flute, the core of his ideal. Although disputed, Tromlitz’s long-lasting impact on the flute community is absolutely indispensable: his treatises guide performers to a great extent, his compositions provide standard and well-written repertoire for the flute, and his flutes themselves mark the improvements that have been essential to the development of the modern flute. Tromlitz was born in 1725 in the small district of Reinsdorf in northern Germany. He completed his studies at the University at Leipzig in 1750, and soon after he received his degree in law, he started to build his own new set of flutes that were intended to dramatically change the construction process of flutes. He assumed the principal chair of the Große Concerte (now the Gewandhaus Orchestra) in 1754 until 1776. The Gewandhaus Orchestra was named after the concert hall in Leipzig where its main performances were and still are held. Tromlitz left the orchestra to dedicate his time to the creation of his new instruments, the teaching of new students, and the compositions he was writing for the flute repertoire. By leaving the orchestra, Tromlitz began to discover the true worth of improving the flute. The flute was being used in the orchestra on a more freque... ...r.org (accessed Jan. 24, 2014). Grove Music Online, S.v. â€Å"Tromlitz, Johann George,† by Ardal Powell. http://www. oxfordmusiconline.com (accessed Jan. 25, 2014). Powell, Ardal. The Flute. China: Yale University Press, 2002. Reilly, Edward R. â€Å"Quantz and the Transverse Flute: Some Aspects of His Practice and Thought Regarding the Instrument.† Early Music 24, no. 3 (Aug. 1997), http://www. jstor.org (accessed Jan. 24, 2014). Toff, Nancy. The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985. Tromlitz, Johann George. Sonata fà ¼r Flà ¶te und Cembalo in Ut majeur. Mainz, Germany: Schott Musik International, 2000. Tromlitz, Johann George, Ardal Powell, trans. The Keyed Flute. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. ———, ———, trans. The Virtuoso Flute-Player. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Barker, Social Contract(Rousseau)

In Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau draws some interesting conclusions and makes some very interesting points about the dynamic that human beings have to go through when dealing with each other. His main points in the book have to do with the fact that men are not meant to be held down, nor or they meant to be restrained in any way. Instead, men were meant to run free and be able to make their own decisions as much as they possibly can.I think that this book takes the completely complicated question of human nature and breaks it down in a way that is a little bit easier to understand. The first and most prevalent point in the book is about how people are not meant to be held down or restrained. According to the thoughts of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, freedom and liberty are things that help both people and societies thrive and survive. More than anything else, people desire this type of freedom because it makes them feel like they can do what they were meant to do.In my opinion, thi s is a driving force for societies. Because of human nature and how we are wired, people are not meant at all to be held down and they are not meant to have to conform to what society tells them to conform to. When a society feels like they are being held down or enslaved by another group of people, it is just a natural thing to want to break free of that oppression and spread their wings. This book also takes an interesting look at the role of government and how it impacts the way people treat each other.Like many of the prevalent thinkers of his time, Rousseau holds onto the opinion that big government is a limiting factor instead of being something that has a positive impact on the people it purports to help. With that in mind, government should be limited as much as possible, especially when there is a chance that some sort of corruption exists underneath the surface. I think this is a cynical way to look at life, but given the circumstances that were around for Rousseau and man y of his fellow thinkers, it is easy to see where one might be compelled to think this way.I don’t think that it is necessarily healthy to hold onto this opinion in terms of today’s government, but there are some very interesting lessons that can be gleaned. This book takes the opportunity to touch on a number of political topics and how they affect people and it does not miss. The author obviously has a healthy fear of big government, which was extremely important during his time. I think that the consideration of force among peoples is an extremely important consideration, as well.Individuals can either conform to force as it confronts them or they can take the forces in their way and direct them. I think that it is difficult for most people to grasp having unnecessary force being put on them. As the author wrote in the first part of the book, men were not made to be enslaved, so that is not a natural thing for them to have to put up with. This understanding is essen tial to getting to know human beings and further, understanding society at large.

Protecting the natural resources

1. Introduction:In this twenty-first century the universe has to get by with catastrophes. It possibly that we are being punished because we have ignored the issue of protecting the natural resources, and each one of us must lend to this common attempt ( Philander, 2008, V1, P.53, 96 ) . Albert Gore is the former United States frailty president and victor of the Nobel Peace Price with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2006. His plant had the intent of protagonism and research ; Gore subsequently proves that the grounds for the old Global Warming are non true ( Philander, V.1, p.57 ) . He blames the extinction ( Philander, 2008, V.3, p921 ) of some animate beings and works species on worlds: Global heating, along with the film editing and combustion of woods and other critical home grounds, is doing the loss of life species at a degree comparable to the extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million old ages ago. That event was believed to hold been caused by a elephantine asteroid. This clip it is non an star-shaped colliding with the Earth and bringing mayhem: it is us. ( Al Gore, May 26, 2006 ) Although nursery gas straight provide gas CO2, CH4 and N2O occurs of course in the ambiance, human activities can alter the focal point of their atmospheric. The IPCC developed the Global Warming Potential ( see table 1-2 ) to mensurate the figure of nursery gas emanations in 100 old ages. The Numberss in the tabular array have concerned scientists for the hereafter of our Earth. (Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990-2007, p.26 ) . Countries in the universe besides recognize that it is clip for them to alter these human errors, and together they have made a call. North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia continue together to cut down power phenomena of the Earth from warming up.2. CURRENT International Policy:It is really hard to do a determination for all states. The United Nations is an organisation includes all states are members. This organisation has decided to merely do some Torahs because they do non hold much authorization. Member s of the states can merely hold that the universe must make something to restrict the Warming of the Earth, but to acquire them hold on the solution is non an easy undertaking for governments. The first rating study completed in 1990 was pedal to the birth of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) by the UN General Assembly. The bureau has the responsibility announced the intelligence about the post-processing transition on clime alteration and through the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee and of import policy have be en created. Implementations schemes and plans for cut downing nursery gas emanations by sing their state ‘s demands and duties within the range of international, regional, and local fortunes to find what agenda points would be a precedence and for puting of aims. ( Philander, 2008, V.3 p.801 ) On February 16, 2005 the Kyoto Protocol became jurisprudence that lawfully force states which agree to fall in much comply with such understanding. In initial dialogues, the United States voluntarily accepted a more ambitious mark, assuring to cut down emanations to 7 per centum below 1990 degree ; the European Union, which had wanted a much tougher pact, committed to 8 per centum ; and Japan, to 6 per centum. Since the acceptance of the Kyoto Protocol, 175 parties have rarified it. The protocol ritual outlines the basic characteristics of the mechanism of it and the manner the system out, but does non explicate the regulations is really of import how they operate ( Philander, 2008, V.3 p.802 )3. NORTH AMERICA ON EMISSIONS REDUCTION:The United State of America ( US ) is the universe ‘s largest industrialized state and emitter of C dioxide ( see appendix A-5 ) . It is hence widely regarded as the most important subscriber to planetary heating and clime alteration. ( Philander, 2 008, V.3 p.1008 ) The US and China responsible for 40 per centum of the universe green house emanations ( see figure ES-1, ES-2, and ES-3 ) , president Barack Obama is assuring to put a cut of such emanations in the following three hebdomads ( approximately around the hebdomad of 12/20/2009 ) . Harmonizing to Todd Stern, the province section clime alteration minister plenipotentiary, estimates that the mark figure of decrease in nursery gas emanations of 14-20 % by 2020, compares with the 2005 degree. Obama has been making a solid committedness to cutting America ‘s emanations. During his trip in Beijing with China ‘s Hu Jintao, Obama said America would come up a figure for the emanation decreases target every bit long as China came up with its specific mark of its ain. ( Goldenberg, 2009 ) . The United State is publishing a big scope of guideline to cut down the emanation of green house gas. There are many plans the federal requires US citizen to follow and such plans to be operated by private sectors ( see Appendix D for complete list plans ) . When still in office former US president Bush promised that the US will cut down it emanations in comparable to its economic system size, and overall nursery gas strength was to cut down by 18 individual by the twelvemonth 2017 ( Long, 2004, p.5-6 ) Three states in North America are United States, Mexico, and Canada have launched a plan that calls â€Å"North American Carbon Atlas.† The C emanation will be mensurating, and happening the possible storage infinite for the America by such a plan ( Calvin, 2008, p.29 ) . Besides, the three states promise will go on to happen a gaining control and storage solution by funding to the research and development and presentation ( RD & A ; D ) . The over all attempt will intend to do information available and topographic point to interchange information, and besides a topographic point to dispose the emanation: Form a consensus on the methodological analysis to be used in gauging the CO2 capacity of assorted types of CO2 storage systems in North America. This will be peculiarly relevant for cross-border storage to extinguish international â€Å" mistake lines † and guarantee compatible estimations of storage capacity in North America. Promote possible coaction on RD & A ; D related to carbon gaining control and storage. This includes sharing attempts to measure alternate utilizations of CCS engineerings, such as Enhanced Oil or Coal-Bed Methane Recovery. ( Fattahova, † 11/29/2007 ) Although the US has tried to cut down the green house emanations affair, there are many more attempts have to be done in other to accomplish or follow with the universe committedness. Fortunately, the current president ‘s committedness with the decrease attempts, the affair of nursery decrease will shortly be resolve by President Barack Obama consistency to work out the job of planetary heating.4. SOUTH AMERICA:Brasils:its economic system stands at 10th and its population is in the fifth in the universe, Brazil places an of import function in clime policy. Brazil ‘s energy matrix is comparatively â€Å"clean-80 per centum of the generated electricity comes from hydropower, and 45 per centum of the state ‘s entire energy ingestions come from renewable beginnings. Most of Brazil ‘s CO2 emanations ( see appendix A-5 ) come from biomass combustion, as a consequence of deforestation. Deforestation is responsible for between 10 and 25 per centum of the planetary hu man-included C emanations and 60 per centum of all Brazil emanations. Although entire fossil fuel CO2 emanations have increased steadily and reached 90 million metric dozenss in 2004, Brazil ‘s per capita emanation rate of 0.50 metric dozenss of CO2 per twelvemonth remains good below planetary mean rates. ( Philander, 2008, V.2, p.136 ) The measure on domestic and international clime is favourable for Brazil ( an illustration is the design and chase of Clean Development Mechanisms, or CDMs ) . Brazil has been a leader in the Koto dialogues to present carbon-trading mechanisms such as CDMs, which allow for developed states and concerns to number nursery gas ( GHG ) decreases generated by undertakings carried out in less developed states ( LDCs ) . Currently, Brazil is the state hosting the largest figure of CDM undertakings ( Philander, 2008, V.2, p.136 ) . The Brazilian authorities is paying attending to undertakings that relates the Amazon rain forest, and has been loath to back enterprises such as Avoided Deforestation, which is supported by a alliance of conversation involvements and rainforest-rich countries.. This strategy would let developing states to take part in the Kyoto Protocol by electing to cut down their national emanations from deforestation. Forest-rich states would be allowed to publish C certifications, similar to the Certified Emisssions Reductions ( CERs ) of the CDM that would be sold to authoritiess or private investors ( Philander, 2008, V.2, p.137 ) . Domestically, Brazil has invested well in an energy matrix reliant on renewable resources. Brazil ‘s flagship biofuel plan is based on sugar cane and dual-fuel auto engineering ( auto run on sugar cane intoxicant and/or gasolene ) . The sugar cane biofuel plan is deserving over $ 8 billion a twelvemonth and generates a million direct occupations. Brazil ‘s bio-diesel plan is based on oil seeds such as Castor and helianthus harvests that produce clean energy, absorb C monoxide, and are labour intensive. ( Philander, 2008, V.2, p.137 )5. Africa:Soudan:is a sub-Saharan African ( SSA ) state that has been battling planetary warming for many decennaries. Similar to other SSA states, Sudan can anticipate an addition in temperature of 0.4 – 0.9 grades F ( 0.2 – 0.5 grades C ) per decennary, which may take to the clime going desiccant. In Sudan, rainfall is predicted to diminish by 25 per centum over 30 old ages, taking to desertification in a state that is already 50 per centum desert. ( Philander, 2008, V.3 p 931 ) Since the 1930s, the desert in Sudan expanded between 31 and 124 myocardial infarction. ( 50 and 200 kilometer ) , which has led to terrible H2O deficits. It has been predicted that 350 to 600 million people will confront H2O deficits in Sudan by the center of the twenty-first century. Water deficits, particularly in western Sudan, have led many Herders from northern Sudan to migrate to southern countries onto husbandmans ‘ lands in hunt of H2O. This struggle over H2O, which is a cherished resource in Sudan had led to force and to 2.4 million people being displaced in 2003. ( Kennedy, June 29, 2009 ) Although Sudan is confronting many challenges because of clime alteration, it barely contributes to worldwide nursery gas emanations. For case, in 1998, â€Å"Sudan ‘s entire C dioxide emanations was 3,597 thousand metric dozenss ( tmt ) compared with 515,001 tmt for SSA and 24,215,376 tmt for the universe. Non-carbon dioxide emanations for Sudan in 1995 were 132 tmt compared with 5,345 tmt for SSA and 141,875 tmt for the world.† Even though Sudan barely contributes to planetary heating, the authorities of Sudan intends to accommodate the National Adaptation Plans for Action, which highlight several policy steps to accommodate to climate alteration. These included increasing irrigation and low H2O harvests, H2O direction and preservation engineering sustainable forest resource ingestion, and decrease of farm animal. The authorities of Sudan has besides ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. ( Philander, 2008, V.3 p 934 ) . In add-on, Sudan an d Brazil are teaming up with the same program that to utilize sugar cane to do biofuel. The works about 250 kilometers turn toing from Khartoum capital, to building in cooperation with Brasil Dedini corporation. It aims to bring forth 200 million ethanol litres of ethyl alcohol from sugar cane within the following two old ages. ( Sawahel, June 24, 2009 )6. Europe:France:The largest among the states of Western Europe, France boasts a long history of universe leading in the humanistic disciplines, scientific disciplines, and industrialisation. The state ‘s moderate clime and its ample agricultural land have made it the European Union ‘s largest agricultural manufacturer, ranking 2nd merely to the United States in the universe market. Like other affluent Western states, France has been confronted with the jobs go toing urbanisation, industrialisation, and the loss of the unfastened infinite. The state joins with two-dozen international attempts to the Kyoto Protocol to work out the planetary heating affair on the regional and universe degrees. ( Philander, 2008, V.2 p 432 ) France places a great concern on the planetary heating issue because since 1950 the temperatures have increased about twice the mean rate. The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change ( IPCC ) set up be the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environmental Program ( UNEP ) to measure factors connected to climate alteration, estimates that sea degrees by 2100 could lift at a rate three times that of the twentieth century. France authorities has built unreal reefs in an attempt to incorporate eroding, but experts do non believe such attempt would assist the state in the long tally. ( Philander, 2008, V.2 p 433 ) The authorities makes theirs best attempt to cut down the jobs of Global Warming. Besides the authorities programs of addition public consciousness and solution to the jobs of planetary heating. A high per centum of 80 percent public consciousness in France claims to be successful. France besides makes committedness to protecting the unfastened infinites. About 30 per centum of the land ( of ) France today includes the wood and wood. Forest regeneration has become a common scheme to cut down CO2 emanations, but the Gallic authorities is subsidising forest regeneration since 1747, and it ‘s pronounced private 10s of 1000000s of euro to the aid communities and persons Refresh Print Private Property forests 2000-10. Energy production by air current power and biofuels have increased in France, but it is the 80 per centum of its energy demands being met by atomic power that gives France the cleanest air among industrialised states. About 58 ownership size atomic power works in a approximately cultural Texas besides account for 40 per centum of S dioxide N and emanations emission intrinsical France CO2 decrease and oxide 70 per centum decreases. Greenhouse gas France emanation is lowest among power EU, and they still decline. Among the major Western European states, France is closest to fulfilling is Kyoto Protocol duties. President Nicolas Sarkozy, who was elected in May 2007, promised revenue enhancement reforms that include a new revenue enhancement on CO2 emanations and a revenue enhancement on goods imported from states that have non signed the Kyoto Protocol. France seems positioned non merely to hit its ain marks in the universe ‘s response to planetary heating, but besides to act upon states that have elected non to follow.7. Asia:Japan:an Island State with the universe ‘s tenth largest population, Japan is one of the most powerful economic centres of the Earth. The United is the lone state that has higher engineering advanced than Japan. Unfortunately, Japan has ranged in the list of universe ‘s leader in its part to planetary heating. In 2004, the state ranked 4th, after the United States, China, and Rusia, in its C dioxide ( CO2 ) emanations. Regardless of the state attempt in cut downing on CO2, Japan continues to bring forth about 5 per centum of the universe ‘s CO2 ( Philander, 2008, V.2, p.564 )Kyoto Protocol:Japan is a signer to the Kyoto Protocol and is obligate by the understanding to cut down its nursery emanations by 6 per centum of the 1990 degree, but studies show that the state is far for the mark. Pressure for more actions is increasing as the immediate effects of planetary heating are felt throughout the state. The production of rice, Japan ‘s most of import harvest domestically, is expected to increase in some parts of the state as temperatures warm. Researcher predicts that the rise in temperatures will diminish wheat production throughout the state. Concern about heavier weed growing, harmful insects, and alterations in rainfall forms that create drought in some countries and do brassy inundations in others generate fright every bit good. ( Philander, 2008, V.2, p.564 ) Japan has actively responded to these challenges. It has become a universe leader in the development and execution of engineerings to look into taint and energy enterprise capacity. Revise energies save Law, accept in 1999, promote both umbilical local authorities to convey friendly engineerings environmentally such as solar energy, air current power and many fuels vehicles ( Calvin, 2008, p.201 ) . Japan, host to the conference ( see picture† A seaport on an island† ) that led to the Kyoto Protocol, has signed and ratified more than a twelve other international environmental understandings, including Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, and Tropical Timber 94. ( Philander, 2008, V.2, P.565 ) Investing ( of ) Japan in deciding the environmental issues on a planetary degree besides includes existent part to the Global Media Environment Facility ( GEF ) , a major feeder of the many international support mechanism established in 1991 to assist developing states in developing plans and undertakings that protect the Global Environment and the Sustainable. Japan contributed $ 84 million 1991-93, $ 415 million 1994-98, and $ 412 Million 1998-2002. In 2007, concerned that Asia ‘s energy ingestion had grown by 230 per centum since 1977, and alarmed by anticipations that would duplicate once more by 2030, Japan pledged $ 100 million in grants to the Asian Development Bank. ( Philander, 2008, V.2, p.565 ) . Ignoring forecasters, Japan insists that the state will run into its Kyoto mark.8. Australia:Australia is a affluent state, the chief transit are electricity and autos. In the recent old ages more people are get downing to utilize bikes, coach, and train. However, Australia has high consequence in C dioxide emanations per capita: 7.5 metric dozenss in 1990, lifting to 8.6 metric dozenss by 2003. Fortunately, the state maintains a really low electricity coevals, merely 28.4 per centum of it comes from fossil fuels, with 68.6 per centum from hydropower. As the consequence, the state produces highly low rates of emanations of S dioxide, N oxide, and C monoxide. ( Philander, 2008, V.1, p. 102 ) The state is affected by planetary heating in the ground old ages including some thaw of the Alpine glacier. The Great Barrier Reef off Australia is in highly serious status, and perchance in this twenty-first century harmonizing some experts that the universe last coral reef dies ( Calvin, 2008, p.175 ) . The United Nations environmental study in 2003 claims that if planetary heating continues to raise, the temperature in Australia many ski resorts or ski tallies will hold no snow by 2030. The Australia authorities of Fred Sinowatz took portion in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in Rio de Janeiro in May 1992. They are besides signed the official Amenities Kyoto model to the UN Conventions on clime alteration on April 29, 1998, and this is in consequence February 16, 2005 in an attempt to cut down nursery emanations In the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change held on August 31, 2007 the intents are to speak about the decrease in air and dirt poll ution from industrial chemicals, which besides includes the forbiddance of leaded gasolene. After the convention, the authorities issues policies that encourage the usage of air current power and solar power, with revenue enhancement credits to promote citizens to put in solar panels. ( Philander, 2008, V.1, p. 102, 103 ) Ten billion metric ton of C dioxide and other nursery gasses are exhaled into atmosphere each twelvemonth. A typical 124,000 -mile lifetime of an car, the Toyota Primus will breathe 32 dozenss of C dioxide from its tailpipe versus a Ford Excursion spiting 134 dozenss ( Philander, 2008, V.1, p.103-105 ) . In this position the authorities encourages its people to purchase intercrossed or electric vehicles ( see Table 1 for list of reflects the decrease in kgs possible by utilizing alternate signifiers of transits ) . Another option is to increasing battery life which could assist do intercrossed autos more attractive to purchaser because it is the chief ground consumer are declining or postpones purchasing such type of autos. ( Philander, V.1, p.106 ) .9. Decision:Although states in North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia are together in their attempts to cut down the jobs of planetary heating, there are still jobs that need to be solved for each state. The Un ited States need to cut down theirs greenhouse emanation with more realistic per centum figure and decidedly down from its current held of 40 per centum. The Brazil ‘s authorities much tries its best attempts to cut down the Deforestation which is one of the ground lead to planetary heating. Although Sudan does non lend much of the planetary heating affair, the state has to confront with H2O deficit from the cause of planetary heating ; Sudan ‘s authorities demand to happen better solution to work out the H2O deficit affair. In France, the authorities has to cover with the temperature continue to heat up. The Japan ‘s authorities is struggle with its promising of cut downing nursery emanations by 6 per centum. Similar to Japan, Australia has a high degree of C dioxide emanations. Regardless of the jobs, the procedure of assisting the universe will go on to be successful if states in the universe continue to team up to work out this twenty-first century job that is planetary heating. Lending to work out this twenty-first century planetary heating issues states of North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia have come with each person campaign. In America the president committedness to come up with a mark figure of 14-20 % by the twelvemonth 2020 ; besides the state launched a plan called â€Å"North American Carbon Atlas.† Such plan usage as a storage and gaining control map to greenhouse emanations. In Brazil the authorities has been a leader in the Koto dialogues to present carbon-trading mechanisms ( CDM ) , decreases generated by undertakings carried out in less developed states ( LDCs ) . Currently, Brazil is the state hosting the largest figure of CDM undertakings. In Sudan, even though the state is barely contributed to planetary heating, but the authorities intends to accommodate the National Adaptation Plans for Action, which highlights several policy steps to accommodate to climate alteration. In France, the authorities is place figure one state in the European to follow with the cupboard figure demand of the Kyoto Protocol. Besides, the state promotes the public affection plan and about 80 per centum of such plan was successful. In Japan, although the state has been seeking to cut down nursery emanation, the mark figure has non yet make despite the attempts. Japan has contributed financially to help some 3rd word state to contend planetary heating. In Australia, the authorities mark contract with Kyoto Protocol to cut down nursery emanation. The Australia authorities has promote it people to utilize intercrossed auto, or utilize public transit to cut down the C dioxide and other nursery gasses are exhaled into atmosphere each twelvemonth.

How to Write a Thesis

How to Write a Thesis Writing a thesis is a task that requires a lot of time, diligence, and skill. It cannot be easily done by a person doing part-time job or by students who are taking too many classes at the same time. Anyhow, writing a thesis is something that should not be considered a troublesome thing. There is no kind of complication at all when you are writing a thesis. You can write a good thesis in no time with just a few instructions. You just have to keep a few points in your mind and you will be able to write a thesis that will outshine all that you have ever seen. Just keep these instructions in mind and you will be able to say that thesis writing is not that hard after all: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Keep the instructions that you have for your thesis in mind. You can get thesis formats, styles, and samples on the internet. Be precise. You should know exactly what you want. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Take good care that you have at least twice the amount of material needed for writing the thesis. Keep a backup copy of your thesis to prevent unavoidable losses. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Take special care to use the number of references specified in the instruction. The number might exceed but citing fewer references than specified will automatically turn your thesis from a good thesis to a bad one. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make use of good language. Do not use phrases that are too flowery or rich and avoid going into unnecessary details. Be precise and direct. Using indirect gestures in writing is also a bad sign. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make sure that the thesis does not make use of plagiarized material. Nothing can tarnish more your reputation as a student. For more information about custom thesis writing, and to find guidelines on how to write a good thesis, you are welcome to use our custom writing service.

Elementary Level Syllabus for Beginning English Courses

Elementary Level Syllabus for Beginning English Courses Syllabus - Lesson 1 This syllabus has been written for false beginners in a business English setting. The focus is therefore on the workplace. However, the basic structures that are introduced should be the same for any type of class. Vary the content of your lessons to make sure they fit students learning objectives.   Theme - Introductions The revised language items will include: The verb to beRevision of possessive adjectives: my, your, her, hisBasic greetings The new language items introduced will include: The use of names of countriesExpansion of lexical set: basic greetingsExpressions including Countries and Nationalities Your first lesson focuses on the verb be which will help students begin discussing basic questions. Possessive adjectives such as her and his encourage students to discuss what they learn from other students. Learning nations and national adjectives can help them talk about their country. Syllabus - Lesson 2 Theme - The World Around Me The revised language items will include: spelling skillsRevision of letters of the alphabet The new language items introduced will include: The use of questions and negatives with the verb to beThe use of determiners: this, that, those and theseThe use of a and anExpansion of lexical set everyday objects - singular and pluralExpressions including basic opposite adjectives This lesson focuses on objects that can be found both in and out of the classroom. It might be a good idea to take the class on a short walk around your school to help them become familiar with the concept of here / there, this / that. Working on basic adjectives in opposite pairs (big/small, cheap/expensive, etc.) will help students begin describing their world.   Syllabus - Lesson 3 Theme - My Friends and I The revised language items will include: singular and plural nouns, numbers 1 - 100, phone numbers, the use of the verb to be for giving personal information The new language items introduced will include: Giving personal information: name, marital status, phone number, address, ageAsking for and telling the time, prepositions used for telling the time at, past, toExpansion of lexical set jobs. This lesson helps students begin discussing schedules, meetings, and other responsibilities. The focus is on numbers, time, marital status and other personal items that require students to give information involving numbers and spelling.   Syllabus - Lesson 4 Theme - A Day in the Life of†¦ The revised language items will include: Times of the day, the 12-hour clock - a.m. and p.m.Revision of basic verbs used to describe daily routines The new language items introduced will include: The use of the present simple (1)The use of the first, second and third person singular in the present simpleExpansion of lexical set daily routinesExpressions including verbs and nouns that go together, prepositions used for times of the day - in the morning, afternoon, evening / at night The big focus on this lesson is the use of the simple present tense to speak about routines, habits and other daily tasks. Make sure to help students learn differences between the verb be and all other verbs. This will require a special focus on the helping verb do in questions and negative sentences.   Syllabus - Lesson 5 Theme - The Workplace The revised language items will include: continuation of the present simple (2)Revision of basic verbs used to describe work tasks The new language items introduced will include: The use of negative and question forms in the present simpleThe use of the first, second and third person plural in the present simpleThe use of adverbs of frequencyPrepositions of place and movement: to, in, atExpansion of lexical set daily work routinesExpressions including: Asking for help and asking someone to repeat In this lesson, you will expand on the present simple by introducing adverbs of frequency such as usually, sometimes, seldom, etc. Move from discussions focusing on I to talking about others with he, she, we, etc. Its a good idea to ask students to write up questions, interview other students, and report back to class to help students recognize and begin using different pronouns.   Syllabus - Lesson 6 Theme - Talking about Work The revised language items will include: Greetings and informal discussion about your work tasksRevision of seasons, months and days of the week The new language items introduced will include: Expansion of lexical set means of communicationExpressions including terms used for talking about the relationships between people in an office Continue exploring the work world while discussing a larger time frame when introducing days of the weeks, months and seasons to the class. Have students discuss typical activities for each time of the year, the day of the week or month.   Syllabus Lesson 7 Theme - The Ideal Office The revised language items will include: Revision of lexical set things in the officeRevision of daily work tasks The new language items introduced will include: The use of there is and there are for descriptive purposes and in the interrogative formThe use of some and any in the positive, negative and interrogative formExpansion of lexical set furniture to include items commonly found in an officeExpressions including prepositions of place including: on, in, near, next to, in front of, and between Drill down into the office world by focusing on office equipment. Ask students to discover what other students workplace look like by working with any and some (i.e. Are there any tables in your office?, We have some copiers in our office, etc.) Syllabus - Lesson 8 Theme - The Interview The revised language items will include: verbs expressing skills and abilitiesRevision of expressions used for asking and giving personal information The new language items introduced will include: The use of can to express abilityThe use of haveExpansion of lexical set skills and abilitiesExpressions including verb-noun collocations (words that go together) Finish up this first section of the syllabus by expanding vocabulary skills with common workplace collocations. Use mock interviews to introduce the modal can to speak about abilities. Syllabus - Lesson 9 - Check Module I The revised language items will include: introductions numbers and letters, skills and abilities, telling the time, describing your daily work routine, numbers and lettersGrammar Revised: The use of the verb to be in the present simple, possessive adjectives, the use of the present simple, the use of basic prepositions of movement and place, the use of some and any, the use of there is and there are, the use of can to express abilities, the use of determinersVocabulary Revised: countries and nationalities, telling the time, work routines, objects in an office, months, seasons and days of the week, asking for help and repeating, relationships at work At this point, its a good idea to assess students comprehension with a quiz. The test should not be long but should include each element of the first eight lessons.

Research paper- movie JFK 1991 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research paper- movie JFK 1991 - Essay Example The film is an indication of what happened in Dallas and why there is still much insistent misperception in adjacent the whole incident. The film was principally reliable in its key influences which to some extent are factual. Some of the characters in the film are fictional comprising Willie O’Keefe while other is real titles of people such as General Edward, a designation constructed upon a tangible person. The film through its characters that are non-existent and its atmosphere seems to convey this assassination in a good life changing way. The events in this film are simplified to streamline a narrative; the film unbolts with a biography medley awarding Kennedy as essential progressive leader who saddened the formation and consequently found himself on the highway to murder. The happenings in this picture are varied in with re-formed imaginary material and seguehooked on the movie itself without difference making an inconspicuous but definite claim for documentary accuracy level. Oliver was in dread that his identifiable district might have been convoluted in the whole presidential assassination process, finally he goes to Washington to encounter unknown and unnamed administration insider who played with shameless intelligence by Donald Sutherland. Movies and drama have been used by various artists to discuss various important issues that affect man and the society. It is through such visual imitation of real happenings that acts to inform the viewers and the general public of the happenings around them. It is with this in mind that the director of the movie "JFK" 1991 tries to make Americans and the whole world understand the circumstances under which president John F. Kennedy died on 22 November 1963. Through the dramatization of events surrounding his death through a movies’ point of it becomes easy to understand the reality of the assassination. Though critics of the movie have disagreed in the way and mannerism used to bring the whole iss ue of the assassination into being and if there was conspiracy among the Government officials to assassinate him. The movie has had a big impact in the lives and understanding of the assassination plan (Mark, 1996). Though the movie has deviated to some degree on circumstances under which the assassination was planed it still has managed to use the historical facts to portray its authenticity. In the plot of the movie the basic facts identified after investigation by warren commission revealed that the president’s assassination was carried out by Lee Harvey Oswald. In addition the movies twist and emphasis on conspiracy is brought in by facts that were isolated by the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations. In its facts in 1978 differed with the findings of warren commission and concluded that the assassination was a conspiracy. (Wicker,1963). It is within this frame work that the film is developed though some scenes have been made to appear too much fiction. This is based on the findings that further gave evidence that the evidence provided in the warren commission had been tempered with. United States House Select Committee on Assassinations also claimed that there was a another person who fired the gunshots apart from Oswald therefore authenticating the aspect of conspiracy that the movie explores. It is through proper characterization that the movie portrays its theme in a more realistic manner. The

Cultural Diversity Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Diversity Paper - Essay Example Through his photographic and visual art, he tries to communicate the essence of equality among races manifested in the strengths and abilities of blacks in the society. Also, as portrayed by his sculptures, he significantly condemns injustices based on racial groups and expresses his concern on the smooth convergence among different ethnic and racial groups. Though his sculptures revolve around the apartheid regime in South Africa, they communicate significantly on behalf of the racially discriminated African Americans in the United States. For instance, Thomas sculptures the heads and arms of the black miners in South Africa. This sculpture contains the ten out of the thirteen miners, initially pictured by Ernest Cole, as they experience a humiliating medical inspection by the white doctors. Thomas captions the sculpture â€Å"Raise Up.† The imagery portrayed by the sculpture is not appealing. After undergoing through the humiliating experience, the sign later signifies the industry’s power to manipulate the worker’s body (Bmoreart.com). Then, the sculpture turns out to be a sign of insurgency that leads to exhortation and subsequent rebellion of the Black Americans against their oppressors. Rising of arms signifies surrender, but through the captioning by Thomas, it ignites and challenges the Blacks to fight again st the powers of slavery and racial discrimination Thomas’ work depends solely on the past rather than the present. The sculptures emphasize the past African experiences under the power of colonial rule, as depicted in pictures and photographs. Thomas converts a rather two-dimensional script into a tangible form reflecting the past. In his work, Thomas sculptures the captives’ poking of hands through the police truck as it drives away from the Supreme Court in South Africa (Bmoreart.com). Thomas designs a similar sculpture of a black hand clenching a fist through a wooden bar. Most

Financial and Banking System of Chile Research Paper

Financial and Banking System of Chile - Research Paper Example The economy of Chile is affected and influenced by slowdown in the economy across the world. The government was conscious due to the economic slowdown and the decrease in the GDP of the country therefore in order to stabilize the economy the Central bank of Chile have decided to adopt various monetary measures for reducing the rate of interest to around 0.5%. The current account surpluses which was experienced by Chile in the previous years have disappeared and during the period of 2009. The yield that is derived from the Central bank has fallen significantly and therefore the spread of the Chile sovereign have increased remarkably. The central bank of Chile is an institution that determines or identifies the exchange and the monetary rate policies. When the rate of GDP has fallen more than 6% due to the failure of the banks and in order to minimize the problems or the constraint of the financial structure of the country, the financial services of Chile is supervised and regulated by different forms of institutions in respect to the type of financial services. The direct influence of the global financial crisis on Chile in case of the conservative regulation has lead to the banking crisis in the year 1980.the banking crisis has lead to the generation of low international financial level and lower level of integration and the financial market. The economic slowdown has affected the financial and banking structure of Chile and particularly in the areas of credit cards and also retail lending. The present monetary rules and regulations of Chile on the basis of the recommendation of the Basel III regulation reflect the capital ratio of the banking system of the countries.

Photo Aging of Skin

Photo Aging of Skin Photo aging is the effect of chronic ultraviolet exposure on the skin, and the term was first used by Kligman, back in 1986(1). Incidence of Photo aging is increasing in year by year. Photo aging is premature aging of skin, which is a very complex process which causes progressive functional and aesthetic changes in the skin. Photo aging is mainly due to Ultraviolet (UV) radiation that is UVa and UVb radiation and can also be due to genetic factors. Apart from UVa and UVb other rays like infrared and visible rays are also responsible for Photo aging (2). Photo aging is entirely different from chronological aging. Chronological aging, which is a natural phenomenon and cannot t be reversed or prevented like Photo aging and they differ clinically and histologically from Photo aging. Photo aging is characterized by wrinkling of skin, loss of skin tone, loss of resilience due to loss of skin strength and skin elasticity. Photo aging appears mostly in areas which are exposed to sunlight like face, neck and back of the hands and is clinical presentation is with deep coarse wrinkles mostly around the eyes, then the mouth and on the forehead, next feature is uneven skin color and dryness, various spots which are pigmented like age spot, liver spots that are mottled pigmentations and freckles can also be seen, skin tone will be lost and will be leathery, spider vein can be seen on the nose, cheek and neck (4). The mechanism behind Photo aging relating to UV rays is by producing an in balance between TGF ÃŽ ²2 and AP1 damage, TGF ÃŽ ²2 is an activator protein, which promotes collagen production and AP1 is a transcription factor which inhibits collagen production by increasing production of Metalloproteinase which break down collagen and there is another enzyme TIMP which inhibit MMP. In normal skin TIMP and MMP are in balance (5) (6). Whenever we are over exposed to UV rays there is an increased activity of AP1, which in turn increases MMP causes an imbalance between MMP and TIMP. Apart from increase increased activity of AP1 there is also decreased expression of TGF ÃŽ ²2. This imbalance leads increased proteolytic activity leading to damage to collagen which will be corrected if not further exposed to UV rays, but if the skin is further exposed to UV rays damage to collagen will remain as such and skin will be formed abnormal in the form of wrinkles (6).decreased expression of TGF ÃŽ ²2 c auses decreases production of collagen . This damaged collagen and lack of new normal collagen formation altogether will lead to decrease in quantity of collagen forming leathery skin (fig.) MMPs is induced by UV rays that induces by both UVa and UVb. UVa and UVb act by different mechanisms. UVa act by indirectly activating ROS, which intern produces other effects like lipid peroxidation, transcription factor activation, formation of DNA strand breaks, unlike UVa, UVb induce MMP by directly producing DNA damage and by ROS(7). Whether it’s UVa or UVb, ROS generation is the important factor in Photo aging. SUN AP1 ROS Generation TGF ÃŽ ²2 MMP procollagen production Collagen break down Imperfect repair Invisible solar scar Repeated UV injury Visible solar scar (Wrinkling of photo aging Mitochondrial cells main function is to produce energy for the cell ,which is generated by a process called oxidative phosphorylation ,which is commonly known as electron transport chain .this oxidative phosphorylation usually have some error ,resulting in production of ROS which produces oxidative reaction. When human skin is exposed to uv rays ,it produces ROS .this ROS will cause damage to mitochondrial DNA which in turn leads to reduce of capacity for oxidative phosphorylation which accelerates production of ROS which again will cause mitochondrial DNA damage and the cycle is repeated resulting in conditions like photo aging (oxidative damage to mite dna) UVa ROS Mutations of mitochondrial DNA Acceleration Reduced OXPHOS capacity With the understanding of mechanism of photo aging, many strategies has been put forward for the prevention and treatment of photo aging .photo aging can either be prevented by using substances which the action of uv rays on skin or by giving treatment to reverse photoaging.it is well known that dark people develop less photo aging compared to white skin people which is thought to be due presence of increases melanin. So artificial tanning of skin by using thymine dinucleotide is a way to protect from photo aging (telomere mediated effects).another highly used way of protecting skin against uv rays is by using organic and inorganic uv filters as sunscreen creams however there is a controversy regarding effectiveness of this sunscreen formulations.( Coenzyme Q10, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer. As per above explained mechanism of photo aging it’s clear that giving an antioxidant will have high amount of benefit and many studies are done with antioxidants. All these strategies are for prevention of photo aging. There are also studies with vitamin a, all Trans’ retinoic acid for repair of already existing damages to the skin. (. (New and emerging treatment for photo aging) It’s a known fact that Skin photo aging is caused by the solar rays induced oxidative stress. Apart from the mechanism of imbalanced mmp and action on mitochondrial DNA there are other mechanisms involved in skin photo aging .In a in vivo study it was shown that when skin get exposed to ultraviolet rays cholesterol undergo O2 oxygenation reaction with the help of free radicals and or O2 to form a peroxidation product cholesterol 5 ÃŽ ±hydro peroxide which form cholesterol aldehyde .cholesterol aldehyde modify proteins to form various pathological conditions including photo aging(formation of cholesterol).in another study it was reported that apart from cholesterol another target of 02 oxygenation reaction is unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid and linoleic acid (age related ).this animal studies proved that 02 produced from type ii photosensitized reaction is involved in the injury of skin exposed to chronic UVa by oxidative stress. From above its clear that free radical and or O2 is involved in the process of photo aging, so using an O2 quenching substance like carotenoids will help in prevention of photo aging (singlet oxygen quenching). The normal skin itself has antioxidant protective effects .this antioxidant protective effect are produced by endogenous enzymatic antioxidants like GSH peroxidase ,SOD and catalase as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin E ,vitamin C ,GSH, Uric acid and ubiquinol.when most there is an attack of ROS ,the skin will itself form an antioxidant defense complex the most important one among them is manganese superoxide dismutase (mnSOD) which a mitochondrial enzyme (antioxidant defense mechanism.)whereas when the skin is exposed to uvrays repeatedly this endogenous enzymes has less as evidenced by the less concentration of antioxidant enzyme in photo aged skin ,especially in the epidermis and stratum cornuem. Which makes it mandatory to use an external source of antioxidant when skin is exposed repeatedly to UV rays. (pandet et al) On over all its known that main pathology involved in process of photo aging is oxidative reactions .with the understanding of that many studies have been done with different exogenous antioxidants since 30 years .different has been tried by different researchers .elmore et al studied with topical vitamin C cream .which has shown improvement.boelsma et al in 2001 reported vitamin E compliment the photo protective effect. Ribaya-Mercadoet al.in a study established that lycopene protect against UV induced photo aging in humans. Stahl and Krutmann, 2006 reported in a study that carotenoids gives basal protection against UV induced photo aging. Effect of carotenoids particularly beta carotene was studied by cho et al in 2010 and proved that dietary beta carotene has effect on photo aging. There are several studies done on photo aging with topical tretinoin and most of them has shown positive results one among them is study done by voorches in 1990 where he proved that topical tretinoin r educe the effects of photo aging. Hoppe et al studied with topical coenzyme q10 ,it has shown positive effect in preventing photoaging.richard et al done in vivo study with zinc treated fibroblast ,which showed a positive result in uvr resistance .in 2002 a study was done with resveratrol by afaq and mukhtar ,which showed effective prevention of induced increase in skin thickness .another antioxidant used in study was green tea ,green tea proved to reduce uv induced oxidative stress in a study done by katiyal et al.lu et al done a study with caffeine ,caffeine showed increase in p53 ,slowed cell cycling . Singh and Agarwal, 2002 reported that silymarin prevent photo carcinogenesis. Cocoa was proved to have photo protective effect against uv induced erythema in a study done by Heinrich et al., Ultraviolet rays UV rays are electromagnetic rays which are naturally emitted from the sun along with other electromagnetic lights like visible and infrared rays. Electromagnetic spectrum of UV rays extends between x-rays and visible lights that is 40 to 400 nm. UV rays are classified into three types depending on its wavelength as UVc (220-290 nm), UVb (290-320) and UVa (320-400 nm). UVa having longer wavelength and the least energy and UVc have short wavelength and high energy, having high energy means its most hazardous but fortunately it doesn’t cross ozone layer where as UVa and UVb cross ozone layer in small quantity. UVa is the one responsible for production of tanning with the help melanin pigments when exposed to the sun, which is actually a defense mechanism to protect human skin from further exposure to UV rays (2), it’s also used in vitamin D synthesis, having said so over exposure of UV rays may cause erythema , toughening of skin and inflammatory reaction to eyes and over exposure for a long term leads to cataract formation ,immunosuppression , Photo aging of skin and skin cancers(3). Artificial UVA lights are widely used in health science for phototherapy in case of certain skin conditions like psoriasis for sterilization and disinfection and tanning booths (4)(2) (5). Among skin cancers, non-melanoma skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are more common, but rarely fatal. Melanoma and non-melanoma combined leads to 66,000 deaths per year. Another hazard of long term of UV ray exposure on the skin is premature skin aging, photo dermatomes and Actinic keratosis which are due to degenerative changes in cells of the skin, fibrous tissue and blood vessels (6). Mixed carotenoids Mixed carotenoids are a combination of different types of carotenoids, in a particular combination. Carotenoids are plant pigment which are having 40 carbon atoms in a molecule (1). Carotenoids are mainly of two type’s one containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen containing and other with carbon and hydrogen, which are named xanthophylls and carotenes respectively (2). Carotenoids are plant pigments which are synthesized by plants in higher amount and partly by algae and bacteria(2). Carotenoid is abundant in animals also, which they acquire by eating plants. Carotenoids are of different types around 700 carotenoids have been identified, most commonly available (3). Carotenoids like lycopene, beta-Cryptoxanthin, beta carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin. Alpha carotene, echinenone. Capsanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and all are commonly available fruits and vegetables like tomato, mango, carrot, citrus lime, green leafy vegetables, mushrooms and all, some of the carotenoids are well absorbed and are present in plasma (4) (5) . Carotenoids were considered to be just as provitamin A, and importance of carotenoids in that case is itself considered to be the nontoxic reserve of vitamin- A (6)(4) .Recently its discovered that carotenoids are not just provitamin A it has other actions as well, from that point on immense research has been going on with carotenoids in almost all the system and all over the world (7). Carotenoid is normally present in tissue and blood of humans. Adipose tissue is the most abundant one in carotenoids followed by liver and muscle, apart from this tissue carotenoids are also present in other tissues like corpus lithium, adrenal gland, macula lutea (8). Among carotenoids lutein, Cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha carotene, beta carotene are the ones which are commonly available in serum and other tissues like adrenal gland (4)(3). Human skin contains carotenoids like ÃŽ ±-, ÃŽ ³-, ÃŽ ²-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin (9) Carotenoids are proved to be useful in many diseases and its many research is in process also, one of the most important research work related to carotenoids is its useful in cancer, especially in skin cancer, it’s been found that carotenoids acts in case of cancer by several mechanisms, one is that it protect against nuclear damage and sister chromatid exchange and another is that it when fibroblast are exposed to x rays, UV rays or to any chemicals like Cholanthrene it undergo transformation leading to cancer, carotenoids inhibit this transformation (4). In UV induced skin tumor it proved that carotenoid helped in delaying skin tumors induced by UV rays, over all carotenoids seems to inhibit development of cancer in the initial stage itself (10) (4). Another field or research with carotenoids is in ageing related, immune system, fertility, ischemic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus. Carotenoids act by several mechanisms, but the entire mechanism of action is not yet proved in different part of the system, it has different action which is still on research, some of the mechanisms related to cancer has been discussed already. However, one of the well-known action of carotenoids is by an antioxidant mechanism, that is it act against oxidative stress(11). Oxidative stress is a result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reaction or a free radical reaction (12). Reactive oxygen species are produced as an unfortunate byproduct of redox reaction which are a part of oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP in mitochondria rays are produced by other redox reaction also, some of the examples of ROS are superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radicals. This reactive oxygen species accumulation will lead to serious problems, which are inhibited by killing this race either by enzymatic mechanism or non-enzymatic mechanism. Enzymatic mechanism is by the help of enzymes a nd non-enzymatic approach is by the use of antioxidants like ascorbate and glutathione, tocopherol, flavonoids, alkaloids and carotenoids. So normally in human body oxidants are antioxidants are maintained in a balanced state, any break in that balance leads to trouble. But unfortunately the balance is disturbed in day to day life and so there is always a oxidative damage in the process (13) (14) (15). Oxidative stress leads to many problems. Harman in 1956 itself has proposed that ageing is related to oxidative stress. According to him, rose will produce some irreversible deleterious changes to molecules, which was later on approved by many other researchers of past and present, a more elaborate finding was done by Halliwell B. He observed that the rays produced in mitochondria primary target is mitochondrial DNA itself, which leads to further production of Ross and this cycle is repeated leading to ageing. This case is similar when it comes to ageing of skin too, when skin is exposed to UV irradiation and oxidative stress is produced leading to ageing and as explained by Biesalski et al that oxidative stress can be prevented by antioxidants like carotenoids (17) (18). Another of the mechanism involved in photo aging o2 oxygenation of unsaturated lipids in the skin and cholesterol in the skin. This peroxidized cholesterol accumulation partly leads to activation of MMP9 (formation of cholesterol. (Age related when we use carotenoids it inhibit o2 oxygenation of unsaturated lipids and it also inhibit o2 oxygenation of cholesterol which in turn partly suppresses MMP 9 action. (Peroxide cholesterol induced)+participation of singlet oxygen. . Advantage of taking carotenoids is that it accumulates in human skin which is commonly known as carotenoderma.carotenoids deposit more in palm of the hand and forehead. And the level of carotenoids present skin is proportional to the amount of carotenoids present in serum and its fortunate human absorb wide variety of carotenoids. (Carotenoderma a review).one of the reason for abundance of carotenoids in skin is that stratum cornea has a lipid layer which has more affinity to carotenoids. leading more amount of carotenoids in the stratum corneum . Carotenoids protect sperm from the rose by its antioxidant property there by maintaining fertility. Carotenoids also has action female fertility by helping the formation of corpus luteum and many other aspects of reproduction as well, though a specific action of it is not known. Carotenoids have other actions like reducing risk of age related macular degeneration(20), they also reduce risk of age related cataracts (21), carotenoids reduce risk of hypertension and ischemic heart disease by lowering Tri acyl glycerol and increasing HDL (22). Apart from this proved effects and mechanisms there are suggestions of many more of effects and mechanisms for carotenoids where immense researches are going on. An intervention study demonstrated that dietary carotene Protects the human skin from the UV light-induced erythema. (38) Stahl et al.(39) found that combination of a relatively low dose of total carotenoids (25 mg/day) and vitamin E (RRR-ÃŽ ±-tocopherol; 335 mg/day) significantly diminished the erythema on dorsal skin induced by illumination with UV light after 8 weeks. They also revealed that the intensity of erythema 24 h after the irradiation of UV light was diminished in a group receiving mixed carotenoids containing ÃŽ ²-carotene, lutein and lycopene (8 mg each/day) for 12 weeks.(40) In a separate study, intake of tomato paste rich in lycopene (40 g/day) was also shown to be effective in the prevention of erythema formation induced by UV light after 10 weeks.(41) These studies strongly suggest that dietary carotenoids accumulate preferentially in the skin and prevent it from UV-induced photooxidative damage by acting as antioxidants